Mining Resource Tax

Executive summary In order to meet the challenges, overcome social outcomes and enhance its economic growth, Australia has to restructure its tax and transfer systems. As the nation keeps on restructuring its tax arrangements, it ought to make sure that its standards are unrelenting, strong points are preserved and all the pledges are accomplished.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Mining Resource Tax specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, the new world economic order that is characterized by increased competition, international integration, increased opportunities, changing businesses, commerce and personal services through technological advances poses a greater challenge. Besides, Australia is now faced with domestic challenges that include aging population, increased cost of health, care for the aged and increased population among others. This calls for an expanded economic infrastructure, education, heal th and social amenities. It must also be assumed that the country will incessantly present elevated risks of clashes which will result into higher costs of security provision. As a result, the prime undertaking of the kingdom of Australia is to get a hold of transfer tax scheme that look forward to and has the aptitude of acting in response to these prospects. Much of the most recent century main architecture of the existing tax transfer structure still hypothesizes the sound procedural outline which articulates the ethics of the Australian nation. In fact, much of the tax reforms that have been undertaken in the last few decades have reflected this sound policy framework. One of the reformed tax laws is the mineral resource rent tax that was established to provide a framework together with core rules that would be used to tax miners who persistently ensue to be making abnormal profits. This paper will be reviewing the mineral resource rent tax bill by taking cognizance of the princ iple concepts and component of the legislation. The piece of legislation will then be analyzed using the economic concepts and theories focusing on monopolies and their tax practices as applicable in the global context. Introduction There are several complicated ways of achieving multiple policy objectives through the utilization of tax and the transfer system. The operational platforms in conjunction with the governmental competence of these tax schemes, that is, the human resources needed to handle any involvedness which might take place has surpassed the leading edge.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overstraining the transfer and tax architectural designs significantly added to its breakdown in dealing with various guiding standards, aims and demands both resourcefully and successfully. The tax and transfer architecture rationalization should currently be the center of focus and a priority to the policy makers (Asimakopulos Burbidge 1974, p.268).  In reality, any revenue raising strategies are supposed to be concentrated towards the four forceful tax bases. These include personal income that should be evaluated on a more wide-ranging basis, the business income that should be more growth oriented, private consumption that should apply a wide range of simple taxes and the economic rent that is got from land and natural resources whose basis should be comprehensive (Baily 1995, p.71). One important thing that should be noted is that income from rent taxes are extremely volatile as compared with the existing resources royalties that would be replaced. Efficient taxation of resources and land Basically, the revenues accruing from the production factors which are deemed to be stock-still comprise the tax base which is regarded to be more resourceful and valuable. According to the proposed amendment bill, a rent based tax will ensure just the right quantities of extraction and levels of exploration. Moreover, the rent based tax will encourage more participation from the private sector. On average, rents from a high value resource will likely in the long-run cause increments on revenues than the output that is based royalties (Laramie Mair 2000, p.56). Numerous systems are applicable to the rent founded taxes but the most decisive is often dubbed as the transitional arrangement. Expansively founded property or land taxes are all the time regarded as the most proficient and effectual. The current natural resources and land taxes are inefficient simply because of their narrow considerations. In other words they are not broad based and their rates are determined by the land use such as extraction processes as well as the landholding aggregation rules (Laramie Mair 2000, p.56).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Mining Resource Tax specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Lear n More The land tax is considered to be efficient if it is universally applicable. In addition, the land tax should have an aggregate holding. Nevertheless, it can have a dissimilar rate or threshold anchored on the cost or worth of every patio gauge of the property or land. Practically, land that has low value use would not be liable to land tax and the rate would be moderate to average users. The interim rules will be significant in ensuring the changes in which the land taxes are based so as to harmonize the valuation effects as well as to offer sufficient spell to those who seem to have been upset to create amendments in their capital funding in the property. With exemption of low prized merchandises, the prevailing royalties ought to be substituted with the venture founded unvarying rent tax resources. Besides, Baily (1995, p.71) claims that the taxation of the resources is duty-bound to incorporate the symmetric management of any accruing loss and must be further anchored on investment allowances as opposed to the evaluation of the cash flow. This implies that with suitable and ample taxation guidelines, the novel tax is bound to be applicable to both already existing as well as the new-fangled projects. In essence, the current taxes which touch on the natural resources ought to be replaced subject to slow evaluation and long transition. This will facilitate holding adjustments. The adjustments should also be applicable to all regardless of the type of resources that are being extracted (Asimakopulos Burbidge 1974, p.276). The implications of the mineral resource rent tax bill The implications of the MRRT can easily be understood from the post Keynesian tax incidence theory advanced by various scholars. The effect of implementing the MRRT will have no effects on the mining profits within the short period of time. This is according to Asimakopulos and Burbidge who indicated that the government implementation of higher taxes on profits and spends that r evenue obtained from the tax increases; the post profit will be unaffected when the short period of equilibriums is established.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this analysis the balanced budget multiplier plays a critical role and the result is true in both non-competitive or in competitive market conditions (Asimakopulos Burbidge 1974, p.271). However this analysis only considers short- term periods. In considering the effect of such taxes on investments over longer periods, several theories have to be considered. For instance, in analyzing the long term effect of tax incidence on income, the Kalecki theory of taxation is integrated with other elements of the Kaleckian economies. That is in analyzing the long-term dynamics of taxation, it is essential to link theories of income, profits, wages, investments and business cycles. According to Kalecki all the tax incidences would be determined by the behavior of investments (Tomara 2011). That is changes occurring to the current taxation would impact on future investments hence future profits. There are two channels through which taxation affects investments. One of the channels is deprec iation. The rate of depreciation changes the relative profitability of new and existing plant and equipment. With constant improvement of technology increased taxes on profits will have to decrease the real profits of old equipment compared to new equipment thereby accelerating obsolesces. New investments are thus encouraged. The second channel is the level of profit (Tomara 2011). The taxation effect on the profit levels is also determined by two channels. That is the effect of taxation on the government budget as well as the impact on the income distribution The effect through the government purchases is the effect on the balance budget multiplier and not worth considering under this analysis (Tomara 2011). However the effect through income distribution depends on how shifts in taxation results from firms changing their markup (wages and profits) in response to the structural changes n taxation policy. The degree to which these changes will occur depends on level of monopoly From the post Keynesian analysis, it can be deduced that average tax rate is essential. In addition it is essential that economic incidence of taxation be explicitly taken into consideration while determining the tax incentive effectiveness. Moreover, considerations must also include equity efficiency as well as effectiveness (Asimakopulos Burbidge 1974, p.276). While drafting the MRRT the government did not put a lot of consideration on these economic issues. However, the industry players must be aware of the implications of taxes on their super profits from this perspective. Looking at the implications of the taxes from a different perspective will produce almost similar results. That is from the economically optimal taxes on commodities. The economic optimal taxes on commodities will only apposite the economic rent that the factor of production earns. Economic rent is the surplus that is earned by the factor of production in excess of the cost of work that the factor does (Laramie M air 2000, p.57). In other words, economic rent is the surplus earnings over the amount that is needed to keep a factor of production in its current work. This definition applies to all natural resources that have no any other use if left untapped. Proper analysis of economically optimal taxes on natural resources indicates that the economic rent is only due to the unique nature of the natural resources deposit. Since it is in accordance with the perfect competitions within the, it is therefore different from monopolistic profits (Tomara 2011). Theoretically, the economic rent will be taxed without having effect on prices as well as output so long as marginal revenue and marginal cost remain unchanged. Practically, the natural resources can only be exploited through the use of other factors of production that includes labor, entrepreneurship and capital. Therefore, the government should thrive to set the minimum rate of return that would be needed to set the transfer earnings. Transf er earnings are what will be used to decide the transfer of factor from different uses. Economic rent is the earnings that is above the transfer earnings (Asimakopulos Burbidge 1974, p.277). The economic rent can be taxed without having an effect on efficiency allocation. Moreover, economic rents will tend to be higher during short periods compared to the long-run since in the short-run the capital is fixed. The taxation of short run rents would in effect prevent further explorations and development of the natural deposits. Therefore the allocating efficient taxes would only be appropriate in the long-run. In situations where the players in the industry have control over prices, then the mining fields will earn the monopolistic rents or monopolistic super profits. Principally the monopolistic profits will also not change the level of output (Tomara 2011). Practically, the calculation of maximum tax that would be required considering the monopolistic rents need an accurate knowledge of all factors comprising of the cost functions, prices per unit output, the rate of production as well as the rate of the normal profits. In case the production yields negative externalities such as the pollution, the taxation can still be used to reduce the rate of output through appropriating excess of economic rent. This would reduce the production in the long run and comparatively be seen as the direct regulation solution. Direct government regulation of production would dispel economic rent thereby decreasing the amount of resources that can be taxed (Laramie Mair 2000, p.57). The regulations administrative cost and revenue loss would have an effect on the welfare of the people. Implementation process The implementation of any tax policy will need the decisions of all the intergovernmental level together with all other stakeholders such as the industry and will need comprehensive appraisal of all the financial implications. Moreover, the reforms in tax policy will be pursued together with other macro-economic policies in order to achieve its goals. In most cases, the tax reforms with an aim of long-run benefits would always be implemented after detailed considerations and at appropriate times (Laramie Mair 2000, p.57). Moreover, the state control is obliged to be very elastic particularly when practicing transformations in line with the macroeconomic as well as monetary situations. Many industrial players have arranged their priorities according to the existing current policies. Therefore, any policy change must be in a position to confront such a challenge. This is because the adjustments are always costly and require some time. To those who find adjustments to be costly, some provisions have to be made for their welfare (Asimakopulos Burbidge 1974, p.281). These possibilities are not always within the tax policy framework rather are encountered during the implementation process. Conclusion The aim of the review is to find out whether the future arc hitecture of the Australian mining tax and transfer system is attainable and in accordance to the goals and values that the country is striving to achieve. Nonetheless, the analysis indicate that the draft bill did not explicitly take the economic and taxation theories into consideration. However as an instrument of government policy it reflected the goals and aspirations of the general policy guidelines. There are some correlations amid the policy of tax transfer and the policy guidelines of the other government especially the regulatory authority and the state expenses. The future benefits of the MRRT will depend on the theoretical framework that forms part of its fabrics as well as the externalities that may be incurred by the industry. References Asimakopulos, A. Burbidge, J. 1974, â€Å"The short period incidence of taxation†, Economic Journal, vol.84, pp 267-288. Baily, S. 1995, Public sector economics: theory, policy and practice, MacMillan, New York. Laramie, A. Mai r, D. 2000, A dynamic theory of taxation: integrating Kalecki into modern public finance, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Tomara, J. 2011, Mineral resource rent tax bill, 2011. Web. This assessment on Mining Resource Tax was written and submitted by user Jaden Santos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of Sentence Case

Definition and Examples of Sentence Case Sentence case is the conventional way of using capital letters in a sentence or capitalizing only the first word and any proper nouns. In most newspapers in the U.S. and in virtually all publications in the U.K., sentence case, also known as down style and reference style, is the standard form for headlines. Examples and Observations The 100-year-old scientist who pushed the FDA to ban artificial trans fat.Barack Obama flies to thank troops who killed Bin Laden.FBI investigating Cardinals alleged hacking of Astros computer system.AP Style: HeadlinesOnly the first word and proper nouns are capitalized...APA Style: Sentence Style in Reference ListsIn titles of books and articles in reference lists, capitalize only the first word, the first word after a colon or em dash, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the second word of a hyphenated compound.Librarians and bibliographers work with minimal capitals [i.e., sentence case], . . . yet [other options] are well established in literary tradition. For many people theres virtue in using [sentence case] in lists and bibliographies, but using one of the other options for titles quoted in the course of a written discussion.In major companies, the problem of consistency may be largely unreconcilable. The public relations department has to use a down style because it is writi ng for newspapers, but department heads insist on capitalizing the names of titles and departments... Sources The Washington Post, June 16, 2015The Guardian  [U.K.], May 7, 2011Democrat and Chronicle  [Rochester, N.Y.], June 16, 2015The Associated Press Stylebook: 2013, edited by Darrell Christian, Sally Jacobsen, and David Minthorn. The Associated Press, 2013(Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. American Psychological Association, 2010Pam Peters,  The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge University Press, 2004Donald Bush and Charles P. Campbell,  How to Edit Technical Documents. Oryx Press, 1995

Tourism Leakages Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism Leakages - Dissertation Example Bhattacharya (131) indicates that goods, which are provided internationally, leave the local community with a very small portion of the earnings. This problem affects mostly the developing countries. These leakages thus diminish the positive influences of tourism to a country (Bhattacharya 131). Countries that are developed benefit more than developing countries in tourism. This is because such countries lack industries to process goods that tourists need. UNEP indicates that a government ensures that the positive effects of tourism are maximized by reducing the tourism leakages. For this to happen, Governments, especially in the developing countries, should promote the ownership of tourism resources by the local communities. In most cases, the governments have favored the owners of the tourism resources by the private sectors or the foreigners. Consequently, a recognizable percentage of the tourism resources belong to the foreign investors. Therefore, the local communities benefit l ess from the tourism revenues due to the leakages of tourism profits. The ownership of large portions of tourism businesses in developing countries belongs to the foreigners (UNEP). This has resulted in a tourism agenda distorted in favor of external benefits. The result of the high leakage through repatriation of profits, employment for the foreign emigrant, importation of goods and services from foreign countries and the use of airlines that foreign countries own. The leakage in developed countries is not very high (Jones 65). The government should come up with strategies to promote the ownership of the tourism resources by the local community. The application models for agricultural development can be integrated into tourism development to enhance the local community ownership of the tourism resources. An example of the agricultural development model is the one, which, farmers engage in agricultural businesses by forming associations to manage important functions like marketing. Exploitation of land by foreigners should be discouraged because it is the local communities, which will suffer environmental degradation after the foreigners have left. There should be the emphasis on the strong connection between the local communities and the tourism industries to reduce leakages and to increase the benefits from tourism. Moreover, the increase of leakages is due to the high expenditure by the government to meet the high tourists’ demands. The governments use a lot of money to import goods to meet tourists’ demands. Apparently, the escalation of tourism expenses due to importations result in the reduction of profits leading to economic constraints. To reduce high importation, there should be the emphasis on the use of the locally produced goods to enhance increased output effects of tourism (UNEP). Tourism Policies Kenkel (2) indicates that tourism is a very important business internationally. It is one of the central sources of revenues particularly , in those countries that are still developing. However, the high demands of tourism have had undesirable effects on the local people and the environment. The growth of tourism has shown some serious adverse impacts.